The aim of the article is to analyze the possibilities of using blockchain technology at the local government level. The analysis of the literature on the subject and the case study method were used to assess the potential of using the blockchain. Solutions already existing, observed and successfully implemented in other countries were investigated. Using the case study method, four implementation areas have been identified, namely: supporting election processes, functioning of the administration, cybersecurity and efficient functioning of the supply chain. The diagnosis carried out in relation to the progress of works in Poland indicates significant problems and challenges, including the lack of coherent actions at the central government level. The use of blockchain technology is incidental in the Polish local government. The possibility of improving and accelerating the work should be noticed in the activities of the European Union, which for several years has been adopting solutions aimed at intensifying the implementation processes.
The article deals with the problem of implementing blockchain technology in the process of electronic voting. The study begins with an introduction, where basic information about electronic voting is presented, and the scope of the work undertaken is defined. In the main part of the paper, the author first presented an overview of the knowledge about the blockchain, pointing out its definition, as well as its most important elements and its use so far. Based on a case study, the research was carried out using scientific publications, reports, internet and press materials. The examples of Estonia, Switzerland, Sierra Leone, Romania, Russia and India cited in the work show that blockchain can be used as an element of the infrastructure that creates the electoral system in a given country. The last section contains the traditional conclusions and findings of the work.
The aim of the article is to conceptualize, that is, to explain, analyze the meaning and indicate the framework for the interpretation of the concept of "cryptocurrency" in social sciences, including political science. As issue an interdisciplinary, polysemic and at the same time novum technological novelty, cryptocurrencies are a challenge for representatives of the world of science. The proposed heuristic model of concept analysis based on the technological, legal and economic aspect indicates that in the broad sense of cryptocurrencies it should be understood as: decentralized, functioning in a network with a peer-to-peer architecture, cryptographically secured, based on trust and consensus, type of virtual currency, that meets some of the functions of money. Explaining the content by one aspect of the functioning of cryptocurrencies is its narrowing down.
Cryptocurrencies are a decentralized, peer–to–peer network architecture, cryptographically secured, based on trust and consensus, type of virtual currency, incompletely fulfilling some functions of money. They constitute a new interdisciplinary subject of scientific research. In the article, the author indicates potential areas of empirical exploration that can be conducted by representatives of social sciences. The four areas identified were: research on attitudes and opinions, the behavior of the community of cryptocurrency users, products of Internet culture and the structure of the Internet, including, in particular, the block chain. The research is based on well–established techniques, classic in research practice, which, due to the different nature of virtual and physical reality, are modified and adapted to technical conditions.
The aim of the article is to conceptualize, that is, to explain, analyze the meaning and indicate the framework for the interpretation of the concept of "cryptocurrency" in social sciences, including political science. As issue an interdisciplinary, polysemic and at the same time novum technological novelty, cryptocurrencies are a challenge for representatives of the world of science. The proposed heuristic model of concept analysis based on the technological, legal and economic aspect indicates that in the broad sense of cryptocurrencies it should be understood as: decentralized, functioning in a network with a peer-to-peer architecture, cryptographically secured, based on trust and consensus, type of virtual currency, that meets some of the functions of money. Explaining the content by one aspect of the functioning of cryptocurrencies is its narrowing down. ; Celem artykułu jest konceptualizacja, to znaczy wyjaśnienie, analiza znaczenia i wskazanie ram interpretacji pojęcia "kryptowaluty" na gruncie nauk społecznych, w tym politologii. Jako zagadnienie interdyscyplinarne, polisemiczne, a zarazem novum technologiczne, kryptowaluty stanowią wyzwanie dla przedstawicieli świata nauki. Zaproponowany heurystyczny model analizy pojęcia oparty o aspekt technologiczny, prawny oraz ekonomiczny wskazuje, że w szerokim ujęciu kryptowalut należy rozumieć jako: zdecentralizowany, funkcjonujący w sieci o architekturze peer-to-peer, zabezpieczony kryptograficznie, oparty na zaufaniu i konsensusie, typ waluty wirtualnej, spełniający w sposób niepełny niektóre funkcje pieniądza. Wyjaśnienie treści poprzez jeden z aspektów funkcjonowania kryptowalut stanowi jego zawężenie.
The article undertakes an analysis of the potential of using blockchain technology to strengthen the security of the state, which is guaranteed by a strong and efficient army. As part of his own studies, the author first characterizes the solutions that were first implemented in 2008 with the creation of Bitcoin. Blockchain technology, described as the most important achievement of humanity since the creation of the internet. It is increasingly used in areas such as payment management, digitization, and contract storage, or in the private sector, where data security plays a key role. Available reports and studies indicate that the United States, the Russian Federation, and the People's Republic of China are intensively working on the implementation of technology in the functioning of their armies. In turn, countries such as South Korea or India began pilot programs in 2019, which will eventually lead to the implementation of blockchain technology in their armies. Hence, the question arises, what military application blockchain technology has or may have in the foreseeable future, and how its use by armies can contribute to improving the security of the state? In the study presented, the following three areas of potential application have been distinguished: security in cyberspace, supply chain management, and more effective and reliable communication. ; W artykule podjęta została analiza potencjału wykorzystania technologii blockchain dla wzmocnienia bezpieczeństwa państwa, którego gwarantem jest silna i sprawnie funkcjonująca armia. Na początku autor dokonuje charakterystyki rozwiązań, które jako pierwsze zostały zaimplementowane w 2008 roku wraz z powstaniem Bitcoina. Technologia łańcucha bloków, określana jako najważniejsze osiągnięcie ludzkości od momentu powstania internetu. Coraz częściej znajduje zastosowanie w takich obszarach jak: zarządzanie płatnościami, digitalizacja i przechowywanie umów, czy też w sektorze prywatnym, gdzie kluczową rolę odgrywa bezpieczeństwo danych. Dostępne raporty i opracowania wskazują, że intensywne prace nad wdrożeniem technologii w funkcjonowanie swoich armii prowadzą Stany Zjednoczone, Federacja Rosyjska oraz Chińska Republika Ludowa. Z kolei takie kraje jak Korea Południowa czy Indie w 2019 roku rozpoczęły programy pilotażowe, które finalnie mają także doprowadzić do implementacji technologii łańcucha bloków w ich armiach. Stąd też rodzi się pytanie, jakie militarne zastosowanie ma lub może mieć w dającej się przewidzieć przyszłości, technologia łańcucha bloków i jak jej wykorzystanie przez armie może przyczynić się do poprawy bezpieczeństwa państwa? W prezentowanym studium wyróżnione zostały trzy następujące obszary potencjalnego zastosowania: bezpieczeństwo w cyberprzestrzeni, zarządzanie łańcuchem dostaw oraz bardziej efektywna i niezawodna komunikacja.
The article has a deeper reflection on the issue of metadata, that is, data which are defined or describe other data. The theoretical layer extracted three types of metadata: descriptive, structural, and administrative. Descriptive metadata is used to find and identify key information that allows the location of an object. Structured metadata describes the internal structure of the object, but administrative metadata refers to the technical information, where information is provided for example about the time and how the file was created. The purpose of the publication is to provide theoretical knowledge as well as practical. The second part of the article depicts the concepts of graphic and text files, and simple self-defense techniques are indicated, which allow you to remove metadata before sharing the file. The supplementing of article is: analysis the ability to extract meta information by Fingerprinting Organizations with Collected Archives (FOCA), which is used to mechanizedly extract metadata reflection on what the metadata includes the email header.
